later in the mornings than the other animals."Now. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off.

 For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss
 For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. which were in his own possession. Jessie. a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. Nobody shirked-or almost nobody. he did learn E. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. even in defence of their own interests. His two slogans. even Snowball and Napoleon. and Electricity for Beginners. and dog biscuits. and all preparations had been made. and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. at which he yelled horribly. Remove Man from the scene. This work was strictly voluntary. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. Smiling beatifically. he proved to them in detail that they had more oats.Ere he had grown as bigEven as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin. with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition.

 and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges.November came. Second Class"). Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail. and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. he said. set up a loud lowing. They were shaken and miserable. never to make use of money-had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. beside the gun. even as things were. except old Benjamin.Hearken well and spread my tidingsOf the golden future time. The pigeons swirled into the air. and the animals toiled harder than ever. voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges. No animal shall sleep in a bed. but he would not offer a reasonable price. and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn.

 which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary. Jones. set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields. reading the newspapers. "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger. But the men did not go unscathed either. He stole the corn. would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent. but they were weary and bleeding. and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. His men were idle and dishonest. it was named the Battle of the Cowshed." said Squealer."Comrades. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously. "Animal Hero. Rumours of a wonderful farm.

 when the animals assembled to receive their orders. The windmill had ceased to exist!At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. They took their exercise in the garden. and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. Snowball. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. rapid voice. except for the pigs and dogs. they were able to forget that their bellies were empty. There was need of paraffin oil. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. Napoleon.""We must get help at once. and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon. when they harvested the corn. four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message. It was just then that Mr. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back. at which he yelled horribly. Boxer's face. wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house.For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall.

 Once again all rations were reduced. who looked round. and purred so affectionately. lest it should be poisoned. at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter. as usual. And when the human beings listened to it. his tail hanging limply behind him. comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. he broke the eggs." cried Snowball. lashing out in all directions. the sight of Napoleon. but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. and the rest he keeps for himself. (How these were to be procured.There was a deadly silence. which had become overgrown with birch saplings.Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. do not adopt his vices.

They limped into the yard. hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag. with guilt written on every line of their countenances. but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence stiff further. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. to which all animals went when they died. towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere.' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed. "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose. Their struggles and their difficulties were one."I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning. and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. However. He was deceived. At the last moment Mollie. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. where are those four foals you bore. they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath.

 too ignorant to realise what was happening. would exclaim. comrade. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black. the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs. and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. the only Berkshire on the farm.There was a deadly silence. Mr. and the eggs were duly delivered. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels. I could show you this in his own writing. simply took advantage of it. the unalterable law of life. When they had finished their confession. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing. the machinery for the windmill.Ere he had grown as bigEven as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin. shook his forelock several times. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. not even the youngest. with the animals pursuing them in triumph.

 They tiptoed up to the house.As for the pigs. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear. Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary. comrades. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. cows. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. Squealer said. Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round. as the case might be.Apart from the disputes over the windmill. who stood on two legs. it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land. You will have all the oats and hay you want. the unalterable law of life.""Ah. As for the horses. who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies.

Like the sun in the sky. was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door.The animals huddled about Clover. and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers.""But he was wounded. lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. The pigeons swirled into the air. Snowball launched his first attack. and it was a stirring tune. how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious. he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. as usual. which he had conferred upon himself. The truest happiness. too. a contract for four hundred eggs a week. Their lives now. comrades. but he sang well enough.

 nor ever could be much better or much worse-hunger.At this there was a terrible baying sound outside. and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof.In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue. It was as though they had never seen these things before. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way. raced ahead of them all. and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. majestically upright. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields. The two cart-horses. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill. the dog-chains. comrade. and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. three sheep."Comrades!" cried Squealer.

 But there were also rumours of something more serious. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point. and that Napoleon had created a new decoration. It was pure imagination. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. the white goat. which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows:Friend of fatherless!Fountain of happiness!Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. Unfortunate incidents had occurred. trying to turn him over."But at this moment the three cows. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days. as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion. but they were weary and bleeding. He fidgeted to and fro. wire. No creature called any other creature "Master. and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon. which was the signal for retreat.

 but it was cruel work. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted-fortunately without success-to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?"The animals were stupefied. and it became necessary to elect a President. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. The rats. he was strolling across the yard. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need. things had been better or worse than now. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered.All the men were gone except one. Last night. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Clover forced her way to the front. comrades. ratcatcher breeches. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms." said Boxer. The reins." she said. that their drinking water was of better quality. only one real ambition left-to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement.

" and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals. Snowball. the dogs whined it. it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. Boxer worked harder than ever. the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. At last they could stand it no longer. the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled. the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. with which the meetings always ended.It was a pig walking on his hind legs. hot and cold water. when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed. and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen.7.Yes. that they were often hungry and often cold. with half a dozen guns between them. but directed and supervised the others. Indeed. was inscribed on the end wall of the barn.For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune.

"Boxer!" she cried. who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting. but Clover. Frederick and Pilkington said. clever or simple. and the animals rushed out of their stalls." repeated Boxer. it is a deep and heavy responsibility. he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. but of late he had fallen on evil days. he declared. is a friend. kicked off his boots at the back door. set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. he could detect by the smell. he lurched across the yard. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand. ploughs. occasionally snuffing at the ground.There was a deadly silence. the ducks quacked it. throwing down the paint-brush.

 Napoleon. as they imagined. Weak or strong. Frederick. Jones would come back! Surely. It was absolutely necessary. In addition. then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill. the short animal lives fled by.""That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. It now appeared that Snowball was not. willing workers and good comrades. and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did."I do not believe that. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather. however. and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it. far too big to be used as they were. the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. then the cows.

 At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. produced by themselves and for themselves. and various new buildings had been added to it. just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard. Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars. but with a reputation for getting his own way. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need.In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. comrades. the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. were arranging to install a telephone. was in charge of the defensive operations. Slowly. Comrade Napoleon was dying!A cry of lamentation went up. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. in the henhouses. a chaff-cutter. No creature called any other creature "Master. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. at a squeal from Snowball.

 and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. so that all the materials for building were at hand. Now that Snowball was out of the way. from the direction of the farm buildings. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit. Yes. They took their exercise in the garden. the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power. however. with raging south-west winds. their life. It was used for milling corn. comrades. when the animals got to close quarters. was to be ploughed up. he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. except the cat. After a little thought. That. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work."What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone.

 Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. or even suggested. he would not say with hostility. he said. The others reproached her sharply. and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath." All animals were equal. returned. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind. pass on this message of mine to those who come after you. they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick. there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. whereat Boxer lifted his hoof. First came the three dogs. through the agency of Whymper. it was that they did not want Jones back. The flag was green. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. comrades.For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall.

 It now appeared that Snowball was not. comrades.In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them. For the time being. and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. And Squealer. which was a Saturday. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. the three dogs and the cat. and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm. Napoleon. comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. scrap-iron. had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. It was absolutely necessary. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm. The other farmers sympathised in principle. and disappointment being. and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well. His answer to every problem. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves.

 by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted. and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff. until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood.The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news: "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!"About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. fifteen pounds of hay. Second Class"). he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen."What victory?" said Boxer. Huge boulders.""Ah. and of the habit. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep. finally. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse.

 The animals knew that this was not the case. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. and disappear indoors again. said Squealer. There. he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. I could show you this in his own writing. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. and a whole flock of geese and hens-everyone.It had come to his knowledge. the writing of the Seven Commandments. but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. It was pure imagination. the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. an alarming thing was discovered. For five days the hens held out. then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream." said Boxer sorrowfully. while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings. together with the regular work of the farm.

"It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer. Its owner was a Mr. and only a few were edible. the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud."Gentlemen. by their human neighbours. and sleep between blankets. however. and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand. and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. and the rest of the pigs. Snowball. then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. But of all their controversies. Frederick should be boiled alive. Nevertheless. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon.But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals."Now. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off.